Introduction: Bronchial asthma (BA) is a common chronic respiratory disease in children with a wide variation in global prevalence due to differences in environmental and genetic factors as well as differences in diagnostic criteria. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the major risk factors associated with childhood asthma, with coexistent AR reported in 60%–70% of children with asthma in India. According to the one airway hypothesis, with evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies, the upper and lower airways share the same pathophysiological changes. This similarity results in inflammatory changes in either airway to have an effect on each other. Very few Indian studies have reported on increasing prevalence of childhood BA. Hence, it is essential to diagnose and treat concomitant AR in patients with BA to achieve good asthma control. Aim: To study the prevalence of coexistent AR in schoolchildren with BA and its association with asthma control. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done during 3 months period from June to August 2018 in five randomly selected schools from a semi-urban area. A total of 1417 students of both genders belonging to 8–14 years of age were included. Demographic details were noted and spirometry was done. BA was diagnosed and control of asthma was assessed based on the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Children diagnosed with BA were administered AR and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) questionnaire to determine the prevalence and severity of AR. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version-20 and the severity of ARIA was correlated with asthma control using Pearson's correlation test. Results: The prevalence of BA among 1417 schoolchildren was 5.86% and majority of the asthmatic children were not well controlled (95%). 97.5% of children with BA had coexistent AR. There was a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between the severity of AR with asthma control. Conclusions: Our study showed a high prevalence of coexistent AR in children with BA. Children with greater severity of AR were found to have poor asthma control.

Introduction: This study is the easiest and fastest; patient and observer comfort level increase with the convenience of evaluation of pleural effusion (PE) qualification, and assessment of quality and guidance for management is taken into consideration. Four plus one formula are taken for the existing literature, and the patient imaging evaluation and all the four plus one measurement are taken and calculated and kept for comparison. Later, the patient has aspirated patient PE catheter drainage done and calculated with the above four plus one measurement, and statistical analysis correlation is done. Aim: The aim of this study was to find the quantity, quality, and nature of PE in planning the management. Objectives: Primary objective - study to assess the nature of PE by clinical, sonography laboratory results. Secondary objective - To decide the mode of management and follow-up by diagnostic, therapeutic, closed pleural biopsy, pleuroscopy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and surgical decortication. Need of the Study: Because of the shape of pleural space and its anatomy, the PE volume variability in the estimation of actual quantity is complex subjectively even for an experienced clinician estimation or by computed tomography scan and sonography. Hence, instead of many available complicated clinical estimation and imaging formulae, the sonography formulae showed a wide spectrum of values in measuring the actual PE amount. This observational study was performed utilizing and comparing the available references and formulae. Sonography is modified to give the best comfort to patients and the most accessible and fastest sonographic t estimation and comparison with other groups of studies and to arrive at a consensus value for the purpose of our institutional uniformity. Study Site: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai-06. Study Design: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. Study Duration: The duration of the study was March 2020–September 2021. Inclusion Criteria: patients with clinical suspicion of PE are taken up for study. Exclusion Criteria: patients with noncooperation and restless severe hydropneumothorax. The total number of patients is 181, both male and female, Equipment: High-end EPIQ-7G, PHILIPS ULTRASOUND machine with advanced feature and with broadband convex C5-1 transducer used, and all parameters are recorded systematically. If the fluid is beyond the image frame, we utilized a panoramic software view for any length of fluid, heightens the advantage in the study. Results: Balick et al. and our single measurement study were correlated, and we found in this study stresses on any axis, longest single measurement and position of the patient made easier for the estimation utilizing, highest hand equipment, having panoramic view software. Conclusion: Single-free longest axis measurement in this study is useful with the standard deviation of the single-fixed axis of measurements of other studies.

Introduction: Airborne allergens are the major cause of allergic respiratory diseases worldwide, they are present all around, suspended in the air we breathe, spanning different regions, invisible to the naked eye, while causing allergic respiratory flare-ups in susceptible individuals. Although present globally they have a unique distribution which depends on geographic and climatic factors. Hence, a select broad group of allergens cannot be accountable for causing allergic responses worldwide. It is therefore imperative to identify the offending allergens causing flare-ups in patients living in a particular region, to effectively tackle exacerbations. Objectives of Study: (1) To study the clinical profile of patients with rhinobronchial allergies, (2) To determine endemically common aeroallergens for patients with rhino bronchial allergies from Dakshina Kannada District, presenting at A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, by means of skin prick test (SPT). Materials and Methods: A total of 170 patients with preexisting allergic airway diseases were included in the study over a duration of 12 months. These subjects were screened, history was taken, and then subjected to an SPT after acquiring an informed consent. A customized panel of 55 allergens was used in the test comprising dust/dust mite, animal, fungal, insect, and plant-based allergens. A wheal size of more than 3 mm was considered as a positive reaction and the findings were recorded. Results: This study included 97 male and 73 female patients, with the mean age of the patients being 33.7 years. The most common aeroallergen was found to be, Parthenium hysterophorus, followed by Dermatophagoides farine a dust mite, Typha angustata, Cyperus Rotundus, Mangifera indica, Ischaemum, and Prosopis juliflora. Cockroach, dog epithelia, and Aspergillus fumigatus were found to be most allergenic in each respective group, i.e., insect, animal, and fungal group. Conclusion: Our study showed predominantly pollen-based allergens from mainly invasive wild grasses and small plants to be causing allergic respiratory diseases in susceptible individuals, especially young adults, living in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka. Allergic respiratory diseases due to Dust mite D. Farine were found to cause allergic manifestation in mainly urban population included in the study. A. fumigatus, dog epithelia, and cockroach were found to be the most common antigens causing allergic reactions in each respective category.

Lymphomas, malignancies of the lung, breast, and ovaries, most frequently give rise to malignant pleural effusions (MPE). The prognosis is often bad when an MPE is present. Malignant cells found in the pleural fluid or tissue can be used to confirm the diagnosis of MPE. Palliative care should emphasize on symptom relief, quality-of-life enhancement, and acceptance of an initial intervention to drain an MPE or prevent recurrence and affordability. Our preferred initial treatment for the majority of patients with recurrent MPE is the placement of an IPC (also known as a tunneled pleural catheter), with intermittent outpatient drainage performed by the patient or attender. Patients with expandable lung are candidates for both IPC drainage and pleurodesis, but those with nonexpandable lung are often only eligible for IPC drainage. IPC requires interventional expertise and may not be available in some institutions. IPC can produce spontaneous pleurodesis and gives good symptom alleviation, according to many randomized trials and one meta-analysis. Effective pleurodesis occurs in up to 70% of patients.

The most common organ affected in smokers is lungs. The usual presentations are obstructive airway disease, interstitial lung disease, and malignancy. Rarely, some individuals with specific genomic characteristics may develop pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, which commonly presents as bilateral upper lobe predominant cystic lung disease. The main array of treatment is cessation of smoking.

Kartagener's syndrome (KS) is a part of a larger family of diseases classified as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The triad of KS consists of bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, and situs inversus, which is likely underdiagnosed, as a limited amount of centers have resources to provide an accurate diagnosis. Symptoms are more prevalent in children that too in the first decade of life. Pneumothorax might be one of the rare complications of the PCD. A review of literature revealed that few patients are diagnosed with PCD complicated with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. In this case report, we describe a PCD patient with spontaneous pneumothorax and how we treated him in our institution.

The pulmonary cavity is caused by infective, inflammatory, and malignant lung pathologies. In the currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the most common cause for pulmonary cavities would be tuberculosis and fungal infections in the presence of exposure of high-dose steroids given during the course of hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia. In the present case report, an 86-year-old male presented with cavitating lung mass with hemoptysis who had received high-dose steroids for acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. He was treated with high-dose steroids during and after hospitalization for post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis with oxygen dependency and continuous oxygen supplementation. The right upper lobe mass was underevaluated, and developed cavitating consolidation in 3 months. He was evaluated and treated as a case of right upper lobe invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis infection documented on sputum culture. He was treated with amphotericin B and higher antibiotics and discharged with oral voriconazole. Intermittent hemoptysis was a clinical clue to workup further with bronchoscopy for protocolized diagnosis of cavitating lung mass. Bronchoscopy documented moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as a cause for cavitating consolidation. A high index of suspicion is must while dealing with pulmonary cavities. The currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may result in an underestimation of malignancy as a cause for cavitating lung pathology due to the rampant use of steroids during treatment of these cases and more documentation of fungal lung infections in post-COVID-19 care settings. We recommend bronchoscopy in cavitating lung disease for exact 'etiopathology documentation' of tropical and or malignant lung disease.